本文目录一览：
- 1、求一网站,主要讲建国前期至今中国解放军及国民革命军之间的经典战役
- 2、《急电：北方四岛的呼叫太平洋战争三部曲第一部》pdf下载在线阅读全文，求百度网盘云资源
- 3、急急急急求一篇关於美国南北战争的英文文章，只要把原因，结果，历史作用写出来就行了
求一网站,主要讲建国前期至今中国解放军及国民革命军之间的经典战役
一个有关的网址
第一种划分
解放战争时期人民解放军的十大经典之战
（一）苏中战役（指挥员：粟裕）
解放战争全面爆发后，国民党军集中兵力进犯苏中解放区。华中野战军在粟裕的指挥下，采取依托苏中解放区内线歼敌的作战方针，以5.5万人民解放军对抗12万国民党军，采取灵活多变的战术，七战七捷，歼灭国民党军5万3千余人，缴获各种炮160门，取得了苏中战役的胜利，为人民解放军树立起依托内线作战的模式，堪称战史上的用兵奇略。中央军委称此役是“伟大胜利”，并“希望各区仿照办理”。
（二）孟良崮战役（指挥员：粟裕）
在全面进攻山东解放区的计划遭到失败以后，国民党军又向山东解放区发起了重点进攻。华东野战军在粟裕的指挥下，以20万人民解放军对抗45万国民党军的进犯，先以诱敌深入的方法寻得战机，再以“从百万军中取上将首级”的气魄和胆识，集中优势兵力割歼敌进攻主力，在孟良崮全歼国民党军整编第七十四师，歼灭国民党军3万8千余人，缴获各种炮267门，创造了人民解放军在敌重兵集团密集并进的态势下，从敌战线中央割歼其进攻主力的范例，同时开创了人民解放军歼灭蒋介石集团五大主力的先河，初步粉碎了国民党军对山东解放区的重点进攻。
（三）鲁西南战役（指挥员：刘伯承）
鲁西南地区是中原野战军刘邓大军南渡黄河实施战略进攻的要点，遵照中共中央南渡黄河先在鲁西南地区作战的指示，中原野战军刘邓大军南渡黄河挺进鲁西南地区，揭开了人民解放军战略进攻的序幕。此役，为阻挡刘邓大军南进和确保陇海路安全，国民党先后调集兵力进击南渡黄河的刘邓大军，刘伯承指挥12万人民解放军面对18万国民党军的进围，冷静地审度敌情，紧紧抓住国民党军逐批来援的弱点，集中兵力各个歼灭来援之敌，歼灭国民党军6万余人，缴获各种炮872门，取得了鲁西南战役的胜利，有力地配合了华东野战军粉碎国民党军重点进攻山东解放区的作战。
（四）胶东战役（指挥员：许世友）
为了达到全面占领山东解放区的企图，国民党组成胶东兵团向华东野战军最重要的后方基地胶东解放区发起进攻。此役，华东野战军东线兵团在司令员许世友的指挥下，兵分两路，采取内外线紧密配合逐次抗击国民党军的策略，以10万人民解放军对抗20余万国民党军的进犯，歼灭国民党军6万2千余人，缴获各种炮100余门，不仅粉碎了国民党军对胶东解放区的进攻，保卫了胶东解放区的完整，而且彻底粉碎了国民党军对山东解放区的重点进攻，从根本上改变了山东战场的形势，稳定了华东战局。
（五）宜川战役（指挥员：彭德怀）
针对胡宗南重点机动防御的部署，彭德怀指挥人民解放军7万5千余人，采取围城打援的战法，先以一部兵力围攻宜川，诱调洛川、黄陵的国民党军驰援宜川，在瓦子街集中优势兵力全歼来援的国民党军2万4千余人，然后攻克宜川，全歼驻守宜川的国民党军5千余人，从而取得了宜川战役的胜利。此役，人民解放军歼灭国民党军2万9千余人，缴获各种炮100余门，粉碎了国民党军阻止我军南进的企图，取得了西北野战军转入战略进攻的第一个大胜仗，也是陕北战场的空前大捷，为收复延安创造了有利条件。
（六）晋中战役（指挥员：徐向前）
临汾战役胜利结束后，面对阎锡山以太原为中心辐射晋中的战略部署，徐向前审时度势，准确掐住敌之七寸，提出了“保卫晋中麦收”的战略，从而先机制敌掌握战役主动权，指挥6万人民解放军北上晋中对抗13万国民党军，拉开了人民解放军向国民党各军事战略集团展开决战的帷幕，采取集中绝对优势兵力打运动战，以巧妙的战法调动敌军，一举歼灭了包括闪击兵团在内的国民党军10万余人，缴获各种炮3704门，开创了我军一个战役歼敌上十万和歼灭敌兵团的光辉记录，取得了人民解放军发起的第一个战略决战的胜利，在解放战争中率先奠定了一个战场的胜局，堪称战史上的用兵奇略。中共中央称此役是“伟大胜利”，并给予“获得如此辉煌战绩，对于整个战局帮助极大”的高度评价。
（七）豫东战役（指挥员：粟裕）
为了进一步开展中原战局，粟裕针对中原战场国民党军的分布情况，指挥20万人民解放军对抗25万国民党军，首先出其不意地攻克了开封，全歼驻守开封的国民党守军，然后放弃开封，集中兵力歼灭迂回开封的国民党军，取得了豫东战役的胜利。此役，歼灭国民党军9万余人，缴获各种炮533门，削弱了中原国民党军的有生力量，动摇了其据守战略要地和远程机动增援的信心，从此扭转了中原战局。
（八）辽沈战役（指挥员：林彪）
遵照毛主席制定的南下北宁线作战的战略方针，东北野战军在林彪指挥下，集中70万大军南下北宁线对盘踞在辽沈地区的45万国民党军（塔山增兵7万以后总兵力达52万）发起进攻。此役，我军采取围点打援的战法，以一部兵力布置在塔山地区阻击来援的国民党军，再以一部兵力布置在黑山-大虎山地区阻击来援的国民党军，主力则兵临锦州城下，攻取北宁线上的战役要点锦州，从而达到毛主席制定的封闭东北国民党军的战略目的，尔后挥师辽西地区，全歼来援的国民党军，再挥师攻克沈阳，取得了辽沈战役的胜利。此役，人民解放军歼灭国民党军37万余人，缴获各种炮5000余门，迫使孤立在长春的国民党军投城起义，使悬而未决的长春战役得以解决，东北全境获得解放。
（九）太原战役（指挥员：徐向前）
解放战争时期人民解放军的作战主要由两大战役主流构成，运动战是战役的一大主流，城市攻坚战则是战役的另一大主流，这是解放战争的性质决定的。毋庸置疑，做为解放战争时期人民解放军作战的两大战役主流之一的城市攻坚战，必将现身人民解放军的十大经典之战中，而太原战役以守敌防御力之强、战况之惨烈、规模之大，堪称人民解放军城市攻坚战的首选战例。太原是国民党阎锡山战略集团的老巢，防御工事在国民党的城池中最完备、坚固，被称为可抵百万大军的碉城，守军是国民党军队中最善于防御的晋绥军，可见攻坚难度之大。此役，人民解放军在徐向前的指挥下，面对国民党城防最坚固的大城市，经过艰苦卓绝的攻坚作战，攻克了包括东山四大要塞在内的所有永久性防御工事，摧毁了国民党军精心构筑的纵深防线，全歼守卫太原的国民党军13万5千余人，缴获各种炮6283门，彻底消灭了国民党阎锡山战略集团，使山西全境获得了解放，使华北与西北完全贯通，堪称人民解放军城市攻坚战中最经典的战役。
（十）淮海战役（指挥员：粟裕刘伯承）
济南战役胜利结束以后，华东野战军和中原野战军在粟裕和刘伯承的指挥下，对盘踞在华东-中原地区的国民党刘峙战略集团展开歼灭战，以60余万人民解放军对抗80万国民党军，历经碾庄、双堆集和陈官庄的三次围歼作战，歼灭国民党军55万余人，缴获各种炮4215门，取得了淮海战役的胜利。此役不仅是我军战史上规模最大的战役，而且创造了我军战役歼敌的最高记录。
《急电：北方四岛的呼叫太平洋战争三部曲第一部》pdf下载在线阅读全文，求百度网盘云资源
《急电：北方四岛的呼叫》（(日)佐佐木让）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读
链接:
提取码: d6un
书名：急电：北方四岛的呼叫
作者：(日)佐佐木让
译者：张文颖
豆瓣评分：7.2
出版社：新星出版社
出版年份：2012-1
页数：486
内容简介：
一九四一年，太平洋上空阴云密布，一触即发。
日军在大陆的战争泥潭里越陷越深。为了缓解燃眉之急，日本军部决定对美宣战，在短时间里控制住整个太平洋地区。
然而，美军的实力远在日军之上，正面交锋无异于以卵击石。怎么办？日军最疯狂的赌徒山本五十六决定导演人生中最大的赌局——目标，珍珠港。
作者简介：
佐佐木让
一九五〇年生于日本北海道夕张市。一九七九年以《跳吧，铁骑兵》获得ALL读物新人奖出道。其作品风格独特，题材广泛，深刻地描绘了社会万象。代表作“太平洋战争三部曲”。其中，第一部《急电：北方四岛的呼叫》同时获得日本推理作家协会奖、 日本冒险小说协会奖以及山本周五郎奖；第三部《密使：来自斯德哥尔摩》获得日本冒险小说协会奖。二〇一〇年，佐佐木让凭借《祈求废墟》获得直木大奖。
急急急急求一篇关於美国南北战争的英文文章，只要把原因，结果，历史作用写出来就行了
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a bitter sectional conflict that began after southern states of the United States tried to secede from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The United States did not recognize any right of secession, and fighting began after the Confederacy used force to seize U.S. federal property within its boundaries. After a fairly quiet first year, three very bloody years of fighting ended with a decisive Union victory, followed by a period of Reconstruction. The war produced more than 970,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including approximately 560,000 deaths. The causes of the war, the reasons for the outcome, and even the name of the war itself, are subjects of much controversy, even today.
Causes of the War
Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events
The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, politics, disagreements over the scope of States' rights, Manifest Destiny, sectionalism, economic competition, modernization, and competing nationalisms of the Antebellum period. Although there is little disagreement among historians on the details of the events that led to war, there is disagreement on exactly what caused what and the relative importance. There is no consensus on whether the war could have been avoided, or if it should have been avoided.
Failure to compromise
In 1854, the old Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Whig Party disappeared, and the new Republican Party arose in its place. It was the nation's first major political party with only sectional appeal; though it had much of the old Whig economic platform, its popularity rested on its commitment to stop the expansion of slavery into new territories. Open warfare in the Kansas Territory, the panic of 1857, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry further heightened sectional tensions and helped Republicans sweep elections in 1860. The election of Abraham Lincoln, who met staunch opposition from Southern slave-owning interests, triggered Southern secession from the union.
During the secession crisis, many politicians argued for a new sectional accommodation to preserve the Union, focusing in particular on the proposed "Crittenden Compromise." But historians in the 1930s such as James G. Randall argued that the rise of mass democracy, the breakdown of the Second Party System, and increasingly virulent and hostile sectional rhetoric made it highly unlikely, if not impossible, to bring about the compromises of the past (such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850). Indeed, the Crittenden Compromise was rejected by Republicans. One possible "compromise" was peaceful secession agreed to by the United States, which was seriously discussed in late 1860—and supported by many abolitionists—but was rejected by James Buchanan's conservative Democrats as well as the Republican leadership.
States Rights
The States' Rights debate cuts across the issues. Southerners argued that the federal government had no power to prevent slaves from being carried into new territories, but they also demanded federal jurisdiction over slaves who escaped into the North. Northerners took reversed, though equally contradictory, stances on these issues.
Slavery as a cause of the War
Example of slave treatment: Back deeply scarred from whippingFocus on the slavery issue has been cyclical. It was considered the main cause in the 1860–1890 era. From 1900 to 1955, historians considered anti-slavery agitation to be less important than constitutional, economic, and cultural issues. Since the 1960s, historians have returned to an emphasis on slavery as a major cause of the war. Specifically, they note that the South insisted on protecting it and the North insisted on weakening it.
For Southern leaders, the preservation of slavery emerged as a political imperative. As the basis of the Southern labor system and a major store of Southern wealth (see "Economics," below), it was the core of the region's political interests within the Union. The section's politicians identified as Southern "rights" the equal opportunity to introduce its labor system and property (i.e. slaves) into newly opened territories, and to retrieve escaped slaves from the free states with federal assistance.
Northern resistance to slavery fell into the categories of self interest and moral (largely religious) opposition. In the small-producer economy of the North, a free-labor ideology (see "Ideologies," below) grew up that celebrated the dignity of labor and the opportunities available to working men. Slavery was seen as unfair competition for men attempting to better themselves in life. Slavery was also seen as a threat to democracy; Northerners believed that a corrupt oligarchy of rich planters, the Slave Power, dominated Southern politics, and national politics as well. Northerners also objected on moral grounds to being legally required to enforce fugitive slave laws. The slave laws were enforced because of the compromise of 1850 that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state. The south wanted a stricter fugitive slave law, which they were granted.
Abolitionism as a cause of the war
By the 1830s, a small but outspoken abolitionist movement arose, led by New Englanders and free blacks, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Lucretia Mott. Many people North and South considered slavery an undesirable institution, but by the 1840s the militant abolitionists went much further and declared that owning a slave was a terrible sin, and that the institution should be immediately abolished. Southerners bitterly resented this moralistic attack, and also the stereotypical presentation of slave owners as heartless Simon Legrees in the overwhelmingly popular (in the North) book and play by Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852). Historians continue to debate whether slave owners actually felt either guilt or shame (Berringer 359-60[1]). But there is no doubt the southerners were angered by the abolitionist attacks. Starting in the 1830s there was a widespread and growing ideological defense of the "peculiar institution" everywhere in the South. By the 1850s Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the region, and abolitionist literature was banned there as well. The secessionists rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists, and pointed to John Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite bloody slave rebellions. No evidence of any Brown-like conspiracy has been discovered by historians.
Economics
The free-labor and slavery-based labor systems of North and South had different, complementary economic bases. The Middle Atlantic and New England regions developed a commercial market economy, and built the nation's first factories. The tariff was not a factor--after 1847 tariffs were low and did not protect industry. The Midwest, the free states west of the Appalachians, had an agricultural economy that exported its surplus production to the other U.S. regions and to Europe. The South, in addition to much subsistence agriculture, depended upon large-scale production of export crops, primarily cotton and (to a lesser extent) tobacco, raised by slaves. (Slaves were a key component in Southern wealth, comprising the second most valuable form of property in the region, after real estate.) Some of its cotton was sold to New England textile mills, though much more of it was shipped to Britain. The dominance of this crop led to the expression "King Cotton." However, shipping, brokerage, insurance, and other financial mediation for the trade was centered in the North, particularly in New York City.
Abraham Lincoln
16th President (1861–1865)These contrasting economic interests led to sectional agendas that, at times, competed in Congress. Pennsylvania politicians, for example, pushed for a protective tariff to foster the iron industry. Southerners, tied to an export economy, sought free-trade policies. There was some demand in the West for federally funded improvements in roads and waterways, but less support in the agricultural South. However, there was no unanimity of support for such programs even within each region. Northern farmers also depended upon exports; early railroad managers desired reduced tariffs on imported iron; many Northern Democrats opposed any federal role in the nation's infrastructure, while Southern Whigs favored it. As a result, the significance of economic conflict has been exaggerated: North and South did not compete but were complementary. Each depended on the other for prosperity. King Cotton's greatest importance may have been in fostering the secessionist belief that it would prove a sufficient support for an independent Southern nation. Many believed that British prosperity depended on cotton, and that surely Britain (and possibly France) would help protect cotton supplies by helping the Confederacy gain independence. This analysis proved a delusion during the war, but it seems to have been influential in 1860-61 during the debates.
Ideologies
Both North and South believed strongly in republican values of democracy and civic virtue. But their conceptualizations were diverging. Each side thought the other was aggressive toward it, and was violating both the Constitution and the core values of American republicanism
你根据需要从里面选几段出来吧